In this paper, a novel Risk-Based, two-objective (technical and economical) optimal reactive power dispatch method in a wind-integrated power system is proposed which is more consistent with operational criteria.  The technical objective includes the minimization of the new voltage instability Risk index. The economical objective includes cost minimization of reactive power generation and active power loss. The proposed voltage instability Risk employs a hybrid possibilistic (Delphi-Fuzzy)-probabilistic approach that takes into consideration the operator’s experience, the wind speed and demand forecast uncertainties when quantifying the Risk index. The decision variables are the reactive power resources of the system. To solve the problem, the modified multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm with sine and cosine acceleration coefficients is utilized. The method is implemented on the modified IEEE 30-bus system. The proposed method is compared with those in the previously published literature, and the results confirm that the proposed Risk index is better at estimating the voltage instability Risk of the system, especially in cases with severe impact and low probability. In addition, according to the simulation results compared to typical security-Based planning, the proposed Risk-Based planning may increase the security and economy of the system due to better utilization of system resources.

Objective: The purpose of this paper is to introduce the process of Risk assessment of insurance companies in a Risk-Based supervision system and the way to monitor it. Methodogogy: We used the KNF (2018) Risk assessment framework for insurance and reinsurance companies. This comprehensive framework uses all available information held by the supervisory authority about the (re)insurance company, including information obtained as a result of actions related to the licensing, off-site analyses and control actions during on-site inspections carried out in the (re)insurance company as well as inquiries/questionnaires sent to the (re)insurance companys. Findings: The supervisory assessment focuses on significant Risks and areas of operation of (re)insurance companies. Implementing this new approach requires complying the International Association of Insurance Supervisors’ (IAIS) principles, preparing Risk management and actuarial reports, rating and ranking insurance companies, analyzing complaint data and separating life and non-life insurance accounts. Conclusions: An action plan is necessary to achieve effective supervision and Risk-Based supervision in the insurance industry:-The compliance of the insurance regulations with the IAIS core principles-The separation of life and non life insurance accounts-Developing actuarial standards of practice-Obliging insurance companies to prepare their Own Risk & Solvency Assessments (ORSA) empowerment to comply with the requirements of the Corporate Governance (Risk Management) Regulations in accordance with IAIS principles-Use of international and general standards and supervisory and regulatory standards of enterprise Risk management-preparation the report of internal controls by insurance companies.

supervision in the Iranian capital market has been one of the challenging issues since the legislation of the Securities Market Law and the establishment of the Securities and Exchange Organization. The purpose of this study is Introduction of supervision Pattern on financial Institution in Iran Capital Market with Risk-Based Approach using structural equation modeling. The statistical population of this study board of directors of Securities and Exchange Organization and directors of the stock exchanges and financial institutions of the capital market of Iran. By reviewing the theoretical foundations and reviewing the research background and comparative study of capital markets in the world's, the variables influencing the supervision of financial institutions were determined by the experts. Effective factors in the three main groups include Risk identification, Risk assessment, and supervisory approach and supervisory outcomes/results were classified and a research pattern was developed. then, a questionnaire was distributed among managers of financial institutions and through the modeling of structural equations(PLS), Data were analyzed. The results of the research showed that Risk identification has a positive and significant relationship with Risk assessment and supervisory approach, and Risk assessment and supervisory approach also have a positive and significant relationship with supervisory outcomes and results. Hence, factors such as Risk identification, Risk assessment, and supervisory approach, and supervisory outcomes and results affect on monitoring of financial institutions.

The aim of this research is to present a Risk-Based supervision model by the bank and credit institution supervisor. The statistical population includes all experts in the banking industry and our sampling method is a theoretical and targeted one(snow ball). For this purpose ten experts-experts and senior managers of the banking sector (central bank and banking network) and university professors-are selected and interviewed. Propositions and conceptual relationships of the phenomena that makeup the model are introduced, Based on the grounded theory, after collection of organized data and inductive analysis of concepts derived from interviews, through open cooling, axial coding and selective coding of categories. In addition, after reviewing the theoretical foundations and experiences of other countries, some effective components are included in the model. The results of the research represent 35 dimensions. Findings show that the lack of a clear definition of the supervision concept and its goals has caused stakeholders and actors to face different expectations of the concept of performance and the outcome of regulatory system. This issue leads to an inconsistency between the supervised organization, supervisory institution and decision-making authorities Also, the inadequacy of the monitoring in current situation, due to the retrospective nature of the existing monitoring framework, has placed satisfaction with the output of the current monitoring framework at a low level. Relying solely on the approach of comparative supervision and not paying attention to future Risks and future forecasting, as well as the lack of a proper process and structure in applying supervision show the necessity of the Risk-Based supervision.

Competition law is a newcomer to the legal system recently. A sound understanding of competition policy can provide us with sufficient bases to apply a fundamental and normative view of the issues of competition law. The difference in supervision and regulation determines how the market functions and in order to understand this difference one must understand competition policy. Competition policy may be Based on governmental support for national production and industry or on a non-interventional and regulatory posture. Moreover, supervision, Based on the principle of non-intervention in the market mechanism, is rooted in liberal ideas; however, regulation, whether as a rule or an exception, is Based on the assertion that the market has been ineffective in attaining its goals. Therefore, the government will resort to interventions to regulate inefficiencies.  This paper aims to analyze Supervisory Authority in Implementing Competitive Policy by employing the description method. In this article the author tries to first delineate competition policy, its related requirements and imposed deviations to the market. Then, by defining the supervisory entity and clarifying its distinction from the regulatory institutions, the author considers the characteristics of an appropriate supervisory entity conducting a comparative study of this issue in Iran and the U.S.A. This form of Competition policy because of its applicable experiences which have been well described by recent scholarship is considered suitable for the native system.

Introduction: supervision of financial institutions, especially banks, in terms of implementing anti-terrorist financing laws and regulations is one of the most important issues highlighted in international instruments, and countries should work to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the system. There are various methods for supervising financial institutions, the most famous of which are the adaptive method and the Risk-taking method. The adaptive approach, or the "one rule for all" approach, means that observers must inspect all of their supervised entities equally and use the same tools and make specific and similar decisions to break a rule. but, in a Risk-Based or Risk-Based approach, the amount of oversight is determined by the extent to which a financial institution is threatened and vulnerable. Achieve the goal of managing and reducing terrorist financing Risks. In other words, in this approach, achieving this goal replaces by ensuring compliance with the law in financial institutions. The implementation of this strategy requires the establishment of legal bases and the implementation of executive measures; Therefore, on the one hand, the purpose of this study is to assess the feasibility of implementing a Risk-Based monitoring strategy in the light of the legal principles accepted in Iran's legislative criminal policy and on the other hand, to assess the effectiveness and efficiency of the executive criminal policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran. In the field of supervision of financial institutions, this has been tried to achieve it by descriptive method. Methodology The research is descriptive-analytical. Conclusions and suggestions: In the legislature, regulators have no obligation to use Risk-Based methods and their decisions are not well supported. Existing performance guarantees, in addition to not being sufficient, are merely aimed at violating the prescribed rules. The supervisors have not been given the necessary authority, especially to enforce disciplinary guarantees in the event of violations of anti-terrorist financing regulations. In the field of executive criminal policy, a review of the instructions and procedures shows that in the market entry stage, it is sufficient to inquire only about criminal records; While, firstly, not all criminals are convicted, and secondly, criminals typically use covert means to obtain a license and keep their identities secret. In the field of periodic inspections, the need to provide information alone is not enough and there is no responsibility for supervisors to create a Risk profile and provide a clear correction plan. The guidelines issued so far also promote a more law-abiding approach and focus on enforcing anti-money laundering regulations; Although these provisions are largely similar to those of terrorism financing, specific provisions on terrorist financing, such as how to seize terrorist assets and identify suspicious terrorist financing operations and transactions, have not been considered. Accordingly, in order to improve the effectiveness of Iran's criminal policy in relation to the financing of terrorism, in the first place, the issue of legal principles, especially the obligation of supervisors to use Risk management methods, and violation of their decisions should be accompanied by heavy enforcement guarantees. Then, in the executive field, first, by measuring the Risks of financing terrorism, applicants for obtaining a license for financial and non-financial activities should adopt an efficient method to prevent criminals and their associates from entering the financial markets; second, a national Risk assessment must be conducted to ensure that regulators' information resources are largely adequate. Third, the necessary steps, such as creating a Risk profile and drawing up a correctional plan for supervised entities by supervisors in each of the financial areas, must be taken. Fourth, violations of the correctional program must be addressed by disciplinary action by supervisors and the guarantee of administrative and judicial enforcement by the judiciary and related nstitutions. Fifth, guidance documents should be prepared and published in the field of detecting suspicious transactions and operations, as well as anti-terrorist financing regulations.

Background: The Dutch Health and Youth Care Inspectorate has organized a study investigating whether there are benefits to using claim data in the Risk-Based supervision of general practitioner (GP) practices. Methods: We identified and selected signals of Risks Based on interviews with experts. Next, we selected 3 indicators that could be measured in the claim database. These were: the expected and actual costs of the GP practice,the percentage of reserve antibiotics prescribed,and the percentage of patients undergoing an emergency admission during the weekend. We corrected the scores of the GP practices Based on their casemix and identified practices with the most unfavorable scores, ‘, red flags, ’,in 2015, or the trend between 2013-2015. Finally, we analysed the data of GP practices already identified as delivering substandard care by the Health and Youth Care Inspectorate and calculated the sensitivity and specificity of using the indicators to identify poor performing GP practices. Results: By combining the 3 indicators, we identified 1 GP practice with 3 red flags and 24 GP practices with 2 red flags. The a priori chance of identifying a GP practice that shows substandard care is 0. 3%. Using the indicators, this improved to 1. 0%. The sensitivity was 26. 7%, the specificity was 92. 8%. Conclusion: The Dutch Health and Youth Care Inspectorate might use claim data to calculate indicators on costs, the prescribing of reserve antibiotics and emergency admissions during the weekend, when setting priorities for its visits to GP practices. Visiting more GP practices by the Health and Youth Care Inspectorate, and identifying substandard care, is necessary to validate the use of these indicators.

The world is embroiled in a pandemic of a new coronavirus at the end of 2019 and early in 2020, with such a large scale that it has severely involved the political, economic, and social systems in most countries around the world. The scale of the crisis is so widespread that many experts believe that the post-corona world will be substantially different from the pre-corona world. In the face of this massive epidemic, how people perceive Risk and how to Risk is communicated, plays a central role in deciding and choosing people's behavior. Fighting with this emerging phenomenon requires mobilizing all the possibilities of society and helping all people in the field of empathy and altruism. In this article, we briefly review aspects of the important concept of Risk perception and communication in this pervasive crisis.